-
1 grain season
nAGRIC campaña cerealista f -
2 grain
-
3 grain-boundary cracking
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > grain-boundary cracking
-
4 salt
abbreviation = Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty* * *[so:lt] 1. noun1) ((also common salt) sodium chloride, a white substance frequently used for seasoning: The soup needs more salt.) das Salz2) (any other substance formed, like common salt, from a metal and an acid.) das Salz3) (a sailor, especially an experienced one: an old salt.) der Seebär2. adjective(containing, tasting of, preserved in salt: salt water; salt pork.) Salz-...3. verb(to put salt on or in: Have you salted the potatoes?) salzen- academic.ru/63994/salted">salted- saltness
- salty
- saltiness
- bath salts
- the salt of the earth
- take something with a grain/pinch of salt
- take with a grain/pinch of salt* * *[sɔ:lt]I. ncelery/garlic/onion \salt Sellerie-/Knoblauch-/Zwiebelsalz ntgrains of \salt Salzkörner pla pinch of \salt eine Prise Salzbath \salt Badesalz ntsmelling \salts Riechsalz ntold \salt alter Seebär hum fam7.▶ to rub \salt in sb's wound Salz in jds Wunde streuen▶ to sit above/below the \salt am oberen/unteren Ende der gesellschaftlichen Rangordnung angesiedelt sein▶ to be worth one's \salt sein Geld wert sein1. MED Salz-\salt solution Kochsalzlösung f\salt baths Salzbäder pl\salt fish/meat gepökelter Fisch/gepökeltes Fleisch3. ( fig)\salt tears bittere TränenIII. vt1. (season food)▪ to \salt sth etw salzen2. (preserve)▪ to \salt sth [down] etw in Salz einlegen3. (sprinkle)▪ to \salt sth etw mit Salz bestreuento \salt the roads Salz [auf die Straßen] streuen* * *[sɔːlt] abbr SALT* * *salt1 [sɔːlt]A s1. (Koch)Salz n:eat sb’s salt fig obsa) jemandes Gast seinb) von jemandem abhängig sein;in salt (ein)gesalzen, (ein)gepökelt;not be worth one’s salt nichts taugen, keinen Schuss Pulver wert sein umg;2. Salz(fässchen) n:pass me the salt, please;above (below) the salt obs am oberen (unteren) Ende der Tafel3. CHEM Salz n4. meist pl MED, PHARM5. fig Würze f, Salz n6. fig Witz m, Esprit m:B v/t1. salzen, würzen (beide auch fig)2. (ein)salzen, mit Salz bestreuen, besonders pökeln:salted meat Pökel-, Salzfleisch n4. dem Vieh Salz geben5. CHEMa) mit (einem) Salz behandeln7. umga) die Geschäftsbücher etc frisieren umgb) ein Bohrloch, eine Mine etc (betrügerisch) anreicherna) einsalzen, -pökeln,b) umg Geld etc auf die hohe Kante legenC adj1. Salz…, salzig2. (ein)gesalzen, (ein)gepökelt, Salz…, Pökel…:salt beef gepökeltes Rindfleisch3. BOT Salz…, halophilsalt2 [sɔːlt] adj obs geil* * *abbreviation = Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty* * *n.Salz -e n. v.einpökeln v.salzen v.(§ p.,pp.: salzte, gesalzen) -
5 SALT
abbreviation = Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty* * *[so:lt] 1. noun1) ((also common salt) sodium chloride, a white substance frequently used for seasoning: The soup needs more salt.) das Salz2) (any other substance formed, like common salt, from a metal and an acid.) das Salz3) (a sailor, especially an experienced one: an old salt.) der Seebär2. adjective(containing, tasting of, preserved in salt: salt water; salt pork.) Salz-...3. verb(to put salt on or in: Have you salted the potatoes?) salzen- academic.ru/63994/salted">salted- saltness
- salty
- saltiness
- bath salts
- the salt of the earth
- take something with a grain/pinch of salt
- take with a grain/pinch of salt* * *[sɔ:lt]I. ncelery/garlic/onion \salt Sellerie-/Knoblauch-/Zwiebelsalz ntgrains of \salt Salzkörner pla pinch of \salt eine Prise Salzbath \salt Badesalz ntsmelling \salts Riechsalz ntold \salt alter Seebär hum fam7.▶ to rub \salt in sb's wound Salz in jds Wunde streuen▶ to sit above/below the \salt am oberen/unteren Ende der gesellschaftlichen Rangordnung angesiedelt sein▶ to be worth one's \salt sein Geld wert sein1. MED Salz-\salt solution Kochsalzlösung f\salt baths Salzbäder pl\salt fish/meat gepökelter Fisch/gepökeltes Fleisch3. ( fig)\salt tears bittere TränenIII. vt1. (season food)▪ to \salt sth etw salzen2. (preserve)▪ to \salt sth [down] etw in Salz einlegen3. (sprinkle)▪ to \salt sth etw mit Salz bestreuento \salt the roads Salz [auf die Straßen] streuen* * *[sɔːlt] abbr SALT* * ** * *abbreviation = Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty* * *n.Salz -e n. v.einpökeln v.salzen v.(§ p.,pp.: salzte, gesalzen) -
6 harvest
1. noun(the gathering in of ripened crops: the rice harvest.) cosecha
2. verb(to gather in (crops etc): We harvested the apples yesterday.) cosecharharvest1 n cosechaharvest2 vb cosechartr['hɑːvɪst]2 (grapes) vendimia3 figurative use cosecha1 cosechar, recoger2 (grapes) vendimiar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLharvest festival fiesta de la cosechaharvest time siegaharvest ['hɑrvəst] v: cosecharharvest n1) harvesting: siega f, recolección f2) crop: cosecha fn.• agosto s.m.• cogida s.f.• cosecha s.f.• esquilmo s.m.• recogida s.f.• recolección (Agricultura) s.f.• siega s.f.• vendimia s.f.v.• cosechar v.• esquilmar v.• recoger v.• segar v.
I 'hɑːrvəst, 'hɑːvɪstcount & mass noun ( yield) cosecha f; ( of grain) cosecha f, siega f; (of fruit, vegetables) cosecha f, recolección f; ( of grapes) vendimia f
II
transitive verb \<\<crop/wheat\>\> cosechar; \<\<grapes\>\> vendimiar; \<\<field\>\> realizar* la cosecha en['hɑːvɪst]1. N1) (=act) [of cereals] siega f ; [of fruit, vegetables] cosecha f, recolección f ; [of grapes] vendimia f2) (=product) cosecha f3) (fig) cosecha f2. VT1) (Agr) [+ cereals] cosechar; [+ fruit, vegetables] cosechar, recolectar; [+ grapes] vendimiar2) (fig) cosechar3.VI cosechar, segar4.CPDharvest festival N — fiesta f de la cosecha
harvest home N — (=festival) ≈ fiesta f de la cosecha; (=season) cosecha f
harvest moon N — luna f llena
harvest time N — cosecha f, siega f
* * *
I ['hɑːrvəst, 'hɑːvɪst]count & mass noun ( yield) cosecha f; ( of grain) cosecha f, siega f; (of fruit, vegetables) cosecha f, recolección f; ( of grapes) vendimia f
II
transitive verb \<\<crop/wheat\>\> cosechar; \<\<grapes\>\> vendimiar; \<\<field\>\> realizar* la cosecha en -
7 crop
-
8 crop rotation
ротация сельскохозяйственных культур
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
crop rotation
An agricultural technique in which, season after season, each field is sown with crop plants in a regular rotation, each crop being repeated at intervals of several years. Crop rotation minimizes the risks of depleting the soil of particular nutrients. In rotation systems, a grain crop is often grown the first year, followed by a leafy-vegetable crop in the second year, and a pasture crop in the third. The last usually contains legumes; such plants can restore nitrogen to the soil. Notwithstanding, high yields tend to depend upon the continued addition of chemical fertilizers to the soil. (Source: GILP96)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > crop rotation
-
9 wood
1) лес
2) деревянный закладный
3) древесина
4) древесинный
5) древесный
6) дровозаготовка
7) лесной
8) дерево
9) дровяной
– air-dry wood
– aircraft wood
– blazing of the wood
– blood wood
– clear wood
– close-grained wood
– coarse-grained wood
– compactness of wood
– compress wood
– compressed wood
– cook wood
– core of wood
– cross-fibered wood
– defective wood
– disbark wood
– early wood
– float wood
– glued wood
– green wood
– impregnate wood
– laminated wood
– lumber wood
– mark wood
– merchantable wood
– modify wood
– natural wood
– oven-dry wood
– paper wood
– ripe wood
– season wood
– shrinkage of wood
– sound wood
– standing wood
– sweep of the wood
– texture of wood
– unseasoned wood
– wood alcohol
– wood bending
– wood block
– wood cellulose
– wood chipper
– wood cooking
– wood drill
– wood engraving
– wood fiber
– wood flour
– wood grain
– wood impregnation
– wood paint
– wood pitch
– wood preservation
– wood pulp
– wood rasp
– wood rosin
– wood shop
– wood species
– wood sugar
– wood turning
– wood wool
-
10 salt
[sɔ:lt] ngrains of \salt Salzkörner ntpl;a pinch of \salt eine Prise Salzbath \salt Badesalz ntsmelling \salts Riechsalz nt5) no plPHRASES:to rub \salt in sb's wound Salz in jds Wunde streuen;to be worth one's \salt sein Geld wert sein;to sit above/below the \salt am oberen/unteren Ende der gesellschaftlichen Rangordnung angesiedelt sein n1) med Salz-;\salt solution Kochsalzlösung f;\salt baths Salzbäder ntpl2) ( cured with salt)\salt fish/ meat gepökelter Fisch/gepökeltes Fleisch;3)( fig)\salt tears bittere Tränen vt1) ( season food)to \salt sth etw salzen2) ( preserve)to \salt sth [down] etw in Salz einlegen3) ( sprinkle)to \salt sth etw mit Salz bestreuen;to \salt the roads Salz [auf die Straßen] streuen;to \salt sth etw frisieren ( fam) -
11 good
1. n1) добро, благо2) польза3) pl товар, товары; изделия4) pl груз; багаж
- abandoned goods
- acceptable goods
- advertised goods
- afloat goods
- agricultural goods
- assorted goods
- auction goods
- back-to-school goods
- bale goods
- baled goods
- barter goods
- basic goods
- bonded goods
- branded goods
- bulk goods
- bulky goods
- bundle goods
- bundled goods
- canned goods
- capital goods
- cased goods
- choice goods
- commercial goods
- competitive goods
- competitively priced goods
- complementary goods
- consignment goods
- consumable goods
- consumer goods
- consumption goods
- contraband goods
- contract goods
- convenience goods
- cotton goods
- covered goods
- crated goods
- critical goods
- cultural and household goods
- custom made goods
- cut-price goods
- damaged goods
- damaging goods
- dangerous goods
- defective goods
- defence goods
- delayed goods
- deliverable goods
- delivered goods
- diplomatic goods
- dispatched goods
- distressed goods
- domestic goods
- dry goods
- durable goods
- duty-free goods
- easy-to-sell goods
- economic good
- eligible goods
- essential goods
- ethical goods
- exchange goods
- exchangeable goods
- exhibition goods
- explosive goods
- export goods
- exported goods
- express goods
- factored goods
- fair goods
- fancy goods
- farm goods
- fashion goods
- fast-moving goods
- fast-selling goods
- faulty goods
- final goods
- finished goods
- first class goods
- first order goods
- fixed price goods
- foreign goods
- foreign-made goods
- fragile goods
- free goods
- frozen goods
- gift goods
- groupage goods
- half-finished goods
- hard goods
- hazardous goods
- heavy goods
- heavyweight goods
- high-grade goods
- high-priced goods
- high-quality goods
- high-technology goods
- home-made goods
- household goods
- import goods
- imported goods
- impulse goods
- inbound goods
- incoming goods
- indestructible goods
- industrial goods
- industrialized goods
- inferior goods
- inflammable goods
- insured goods
- intermediate goods
- internationally tradeable goods
- investment goods
- inward goods
- labour-intensive goods
- large-scale goods
- late goods
- light goods
- liquid goods
- long-lived goods
- loose goods
- low-grade goods
- low-price goods
- low value added primary goods
- luxury goods
- Manchester goods
- manufactured goods
- marked goods
- marked-down goods
- marketable goods
- mass production goods
- measurement goods
- merchant goods
- miscellaneous goods
- missing goods
- new goods
- nondurable goods
- noncompetitive goods
- nonconforming goods
- nonfood goods
- nonessential goods
- nonhazardous goods
- nonsensitive goods
- nontraditional good
- novelty goods
- off-guage goods
- official goods
- ordered goods
- outbound goods
- outgoing goods
- out of time goods
- output goods
- outward goods
- over-dimensioned goods
- over-priced goods
- oversized goods
- packaged goods
- packed goods
- packed-up goods
- packeted goods
- palleted goods
- palletised goods
- parcel goods
- parity goods
- past due goods
- patent goods
- perishable goods
- perishing goods
- piece goods
- pledged goods
- point-of-purchase goods
- popular goods
- prepackaged goods
- prepacked goods
- prestige goods
- price-maintained goods
- primary goods
- private goods
- processed goods
- producer durable goods
- producer's goods
- production goods
- professional goods
- prohibited goods
- protected goods
- proprietary goods
- public good
- public goods
- quality goods
- quota goods
- realized goods
- received goods
- received for shipment goods
- reexport goods
- reexported goods
- refrigerated goods
- rejected goods
- remote goods
- repaired goods
- replaced goods
- reproducible goods
- retail goods
- return goods
- sale goods
- salvaged goods
- saved goods
- scarce goods
- seasonal goods
- secondhand goods
- secondrate good
- selected goods
- semidurable goods
- semifinished goods
- semimanufactured goods
- serially produced goods
- shipped goods
- shopping goods
- short-delivered goods
- short-shipped goods
- similar goods
- slow-moving goods
- soft goods
- sold goods
- sophisticated goods
- specialty goods
- spoiled goods
- spot goods
- spring goods
- stacked goods
- standardized goods
- staple goods
- storage goods
- store goods
- stranded goods
- strategic goods
- substandard goods
- substitutional goods
- superior goods
- surplus goods
- technical consumer goods
- textile goods
- top-quality goods
- tradeable goods
- trademarked goods
- traditional export goods
- transit goods
- transportable goods
- truck-packaged goods
- unaccepted goods
- unaddressed goods
- unbonded goods
- unclaimed goods
- uncovered goods
- undamaged goods
- undeclared goods
- undelivered goods
- unfinished goods
- uninsured goods
- unmarketable goods
- unmerchantable goods
- unordered goods
- unpacked goods
- unprotected goods
- unsaleable goods
- unshipped goods
- unsold goods
- unwrapped goods
- utility goods
- varied goods
- wage goods
- warehouse goods
- weight goods
- wet goods
- goods for bulk shipment
- goods for immediate delivery
- goods from stock
- goods in bales
- goods in bond
- goods in bulk
- goods in grain form
- goods in powder form
- goods in process
- goods in short supply
- goods in stock
- goods in store
- goods in transit
- goods of the best brands
- goods of damaging nature
- goods of dangerous character
- goods of equal value
- goods of equal worth
- goods of first priority
- goods of foreign make
- goods of foreign origin
- goods of high quality
- goods of inferior quality
- goods of inflammable nature
- goods of low quality
- goods of poor quality
- goods of prime necessity
- goods of sound quality
- goods of superior quality
- goods of top quality
- goods on consignment
- goods on hand
- goods out of season
- goods under arrest
- goods under customs bond
- goods under customs seal
- goods intended for shipment
- goods light in weight
- goods subject to deterioration
- accept goods
- accept goods for carriage
- advertise goods
- buy goods
- carry goods
- charge goods in an invoice
- claim goods
- clear goods
- collect goods
- consign goods
- convey goods
- declare goods
- declare goods waste
- delay goods
- deliver goods
- deliver goods at the disposal of smb
- deliver goods on sale or return
- demonstrate goods
- detain goods
- discharge goods
- dispatch goods
- dispose of goods
- distribute goods
- effect transhipment of goods
- enter goods for customs clearing
- enter goods for home consumption
- examine goods
- exchange goods
- exhibit goods
- export goods
- feature goods
- forward goods
- furnish with goods
- grade goods
- handle goods
- hand over goods
- have goods on trial
- hold goods in store
- import goods
- inspect goods
- insure goods
- introduce goods
- investigate goods
- invoice goods
- keep goods
- keep goods in stock
- land goods
- launch goods
- load goods
- make goods
- make goods ready for shipment
- make goods upon order
- make up goods
- manufacture goods
- mark goods
- mortgage goods
- move goods to the market
- need goods
- obtain goods
- obtain goods free of tax
- obtain possession of goods
- offer goods
- off-load goods
- order goods
- pack goods
- palletise goods
- pay for goods
- pick up goods
- place goods at the disposal of smb
- place goods on the market
- pledge goods with a bank
- present goods
- press goods on smb
- price goods
- produce goods
- protect goods
- provide goods
- purchase goods
- push goods
- put goods on the market
- readdress goods
- recall goods
- receive goods
- reconsign goods
- reject goods
- redeem pledged goods
- reexport goods
- release goods
- reload goods
- remove goods
- render goods marketable
- require goods
- resell goods
- retain goods
- return goods
- safeguard goods
- salvage goods
- search for goods
- secure goods
- sell goods
- sell goods retail
- sell goods wholesale
- sell out goods
- send goods on consignment
- ship goods
- show goods to advantage
- stack goods
- stock goods
- store goods
- submit goods to a careful examination
- supply goods
- survey goods
- tag goods
- take goods
- take goods on commission
- take goods on sale
- take goods out of pledge
- take stock of goods
- tally goods
- test goods
- throw goods on the market
- trace goods
- trade in goods
- transfer goods
- transfer goods to a warehouse
- tranship goods
- transport goods
- turn out goods
- turn goods over to smb
- unload goods
- value goods
- warehouse goods
- withdraw goods from the market
- withdraw goods from a warehouse2. adj1) хороший, годный3) надежный; кредитоспособный
- good faith
- good this month
- good this week
- good through
- good till cancelled -
12 mellow
1. a спелый и мягкий, сладкий и сочный2. a выдержанный3. a приятный на вкус4. a подобревший, смягчившийся с возрастом, добродушный5. a мягкий; сочный, густой6. a рыхлый7. a плодородный, жирный8. a разг. весёлый9. a разг. подвыпившийto be mellow — быть навеселе, подпить
10. v делаться мягким, сочным, спеть, созреватьfruit mellowed by the sun — плод, поспевший на солнце
11. v становиться выдержаннымa few more years will mellow the wine — нужно ещё несколько лет, чтобы вино было выдержанным
12. v смягчатьage has mellowed him — годы смягчили его, с годами он стал мягче в своём отношении к людям
13. v смягчаться14. v разрыхлять15. v разрыхлятьсяСинонимический ряд:1. calm (adj.) calm; serene; soothing2. genial (adj.) genial; good-humored; good-humoured; good-natured; jovial3. mellifluous (adj.) golden; honeyed; Hyblaean; liquid; mellifluent; mellifluous4. melodious (adj.) delicate; dulcet; melodious; rich; smooth; tuneful5. ripe (adj.) aged; full-flavored; mature; matured; ripe; ripened; soft; well-matured6. round (adj.) full; orotund; plangent; resonant; resounding; ringing; rotund; round; sonorous; vibrant7. seasoned (adj.) seasoned; tempered8. softened (adj.) improved; softened; toned down9. mature (verb) age; develop; grow; grow up; improve; maturate; mature; mollify; perfect; ripen; season; soften; temperАнтонимический ряд:acrid; agitating; callous; callow; crabbed; dry; dull; flat; green; hard; harsh; immature; pungent; serious; sober; solemn; sour -
13 corrosion cracking
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > corrosion cracking
-
14 intergranular cracking
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > intergranular cracking
-
15 shrinkage cracking
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > shrinkage cracking
-
16 sulphide stress cracking
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > sulphide stress cracking
-
17 close
I.A n1 ( road) passage m ;2 ( of cathedral) enceinte f.B adj1 ( with close links) [relative] proche ; [resemblance] frappant ; to bear a close resemblance to sb/sth ressembler beaucoup à qn/qch ; close links with Pol liens étroits avec [country] ; liens d'amitié avec [group, twinned town etc] ; to work in close collaboration with sb collaborer étroitement avec qn ; in close contact with en contact permanent avec [government department etc] ; en contact avec [friend etc] ; in close harmony Mus dans une tessiture rapprochée ;2 ( intimate) [friend, adviser] proche (to de) ; they have a close friendship ils sont très bons amis ;3 ( almost equal) [contest, finish, result, vote] serré ; ‘is it the same?’-‘no but it's close’ ‘c'est le même?’-‘non mais c'est proche’ ; a close copy of his signature une imitation presque parfaite de sa signature ; it's a close match (of colour, hairpiece) c'est presque la même couleur ;4 (careful, rigorous) [scrutiny, examination, study] minutieux/-ieuse ; [supervision] étroit ; to pay close attention to sth faire une attention toute particulière à qch ; to keep a close watch ou eye on sb/sth surveiller étroitement qn/qch ;5 ( compactly aligned) [texture, grain] dense ; [print, military formation] serré ; [handwriting] ramassé ;7 ○ ( secretive) she's been very close about it elle n'a rien voulu dire.C adv1 ( nearby) to live/work quite close (by) habiter/travailler tout près ; they look closeer than they are ils semblent plus près qu'ils ne le sont ; how close is the town? est-ce que la ville est loin? ; it's close, I can hear it il ne doit pas être loin, je l'entends ; the closer he came plus il approchait ; to bring sth closer approcher qch ; to follow close behind suivre de près ; to hold sb close serrer qn ; close together serrés les uns contre les autres ; to come closer together se rapprocher ; ⇒ draw ;2 ( close temporally) the time is close when dans peu de temps ; how close are they in age? combien ont-ils de différence d'âge? ; Christmas is close Noël approche ; ⇒ draw ;3 ( almost) that's closer (to) the truth ça c'est plus proche de la vérité ; ‘is the answer three?’-‘close!’ ‘est-ce que la réponse est trois?’-‘tu y es presque’.1 ( sufficiently near) that's close enough ( no nearer) tu es assez près ; ( acceptable as answer) ça ira ; to be/come close enough to do être assez près/s'approcher suffisamment pour faire ;2 ( approximately) there were 20 yachts or close enough il y avait à peu près 20 yachts.1 lit près de [place, person, object] ; close to where près de l'endroit où ; closer to plus près de ; how close are we to…? à quelle distance sommes-nous de…? ;2 ( on point of) au bord de [tears, hysteria, collapse] ; to be close to doing être sur le point de faire ;3 ( almost at) closer to 30 than 40 plus proche or plus près de 40 ans que de 30 ; to come closest to s'approcher le plus de [ideal, conception] ; to come close to doing faillir faire ; he came close to giving up il a failli abandonner ; how close are you to completing…? est-ce que vous êtes sur le point de finir…? ; close to the time when à peu près au moment où ; it's coming close to the time when we must decide l'heure de nous décider approche ;4 ( also close on ○) ( approximately) close to ou on ○ 60 people près de or presque 60 personnes ; close to ou on ○ a century ago il y a près d'un siècle.F close by prep phr, adv phr près de [wall, bridge] ; the ambulance is close by l'ambulance n'est pas loin.(from) close to ○, (from) close up de près ; it was a close call ○ ou shave ○ ou thing je l'ai/tu l'as etc échappé belle.II.A n1 gen, Sport fin f ; to bring sth to a close mettre fin à qch ; to draw to a close tirer à sa fin ; to come to a close se terminer ; at the close of day littér à la tombée du jour liter ;B vtr1 ( shut) fermer [container, door, window, eyes, mouth, mind, book, file, museum, office, shop] ;2 ( block) fermer [border, port, airport] ; boucher [pipe, opening] ; barrer [road] ; interdire l'accès à [area of town] ;3 = close down ;4 ( bring to an end) mettre fin à [meeting, discussion, investigation, case] ; fermer [account] ; to close the meeting, we have pour clore la réunion nous avons ; the subject is now closed le sujet est clos ; ‘this correspondence is now closed’ journ ‘cette rubrique est interrompue’ ;5 ( reduce) to close the gap fig réduire l'écart (between entre) ; to close the gap on sb/sth lit, fig rattraper qn/qch ; to close the gaps ( improve fault) remédier aux lacunes (in dans) ;6 ( agree) conclure [deal, contract, sale] ;7 Elec fermer [circuit].C vi1 ( shut) [airport, factory, office, polls, shop, station] fermer (for pour) ; [door, window, container, lid, eyes, mouth] se fermer ; [hand, arms] se (re)fermer (around sur) ; the museum has closed le musée est fermé au public ;2 ( cease to operate) [business, factory, mine, institution] fermer définitivement ;3 ( end) [meeting, enquiry, play, concert, season] prendre fin ; to close with se terminer par [scene, event, song] ;4 Fin [currency, index, shares, market] clôturer (at à) ; the market closed down/up le marché a clôturé en baisse/en hausse ; the pound closed up against the euro la livre (sterling) a clôturé en hausse contre l’euro ;5 ( get smaller) se réduire ; the gap is closing between X and Y fig l'écart entre X et Y se réduit ; lit la distance entre X et Y se réduit ;6 ( get closer) [pursuer, enemy] se rapprocher (on de) ;7 ( heal) [wound] se refermer.1 ( shut) [door, window, container, business, public building, shop] fermé ; [fist, mouth, eyes] fermé ; ‘closed’ ( sign in shop) ‘fermé’ ; ( in theatre) ‘relâche’ ; ‘closed for lunch/for repairs’ ‘fermé pour le déjeuner/pour cause de réparations’ ; ‘road closed’ ‘route barrée’ ; ‘closed to the public’ ‘interdit au public’ ; ‘closed to traffic’ ‘circulation interdite’ ; behind closed doors fig à huis clos ;2 ( restricted) [community, circle, meeting, organization, economy] fermé ; to have a closed mind avoir l'esprit fermé ;3 Math [set] fermé ;4 Ling [syllable] fermé.■ close down:▶ close down [shop, business, club, institution] fermer définitivement ; GB, Radio, TV we are now closing down nos émissions sont terminées pour ce soir ;▶ close down [sth], close [sth] down fermer [qch] définitivement [business, factory].■ close in [pursuers, enemy] se rapprocher (on de) ; [winter, night] approcher ; [darkness, fog] descendre (on sur) ; [jungle, forest] se refermer ; the nights are closing in les jours commencent à raccourcir.■ close off:▶ close off [sth], close [sth] off fermer [qch] au public [district, street, wing].■ close out:■ close up:▶ close up1 [flower, petals, wound] se refermer ; [group] se serrer ; [troops] serrer les rangs ;2 [shopkeeper, caretaker] fermer ;3 he just closes up il refuse d'en parler ;▶ close up [sth], close [sth] up1 fermer [bank, office, shop] ;2 boucher [hole, entrance, pipe].■ close with:▶ close with [sb]1 Comm tomber d'accord avec [dealer, trader] (for pour) ;2 Mil engager le combat avec [enemy] ; -
18 close
Ⅰ.close1 [kləʊs]proche ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (f) serré ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (g) attentif ⇒ 1 (e) mal aéré ⇒ 1 (h) près ⇒ 1 (a), 2 (a) étroitement ⇒ 2 (b)(a) (near in space or time) proche;∎ the library is close to the school la bibliothèque est près ou proche de l'école;∎ in close proximity to sth dans le voisinage immédiat de ou tout près de qch;∎ they're very close in age ils ont presque le même âge;∎ his death brought the war closer to home c'est avec sa mort que nous avons vraiment pris conscience de la guerre;∎ we are close to an agreement nous sommes presque arrivés à un accord;∎ at close intervals à intervalles rapprochés;∎ I saw him at close quarters je l'ai vu de près;∎ at close range à bout portant;∎ to be close at or to hand (shop, cinema etc) être tout près; (book, pencil etc) être à portée de main;∎ to be close to tears être au bord des larmes;∎ to be (very) close to victory être (tout) près de la victoire;∎ familiar I came close to thumping him one j'ai bien failli lui en coller une;∎ he keeps things close to his chest il ne fait guère de confidences;∎ to see sth at close quarters voir qch de près;∎ to give sb a close shave raser qn de près;∎ the bill was passed but it was a close thing la loi a été votée de justesse;∎ he managed to get elected but it was a close run thing il a été élu de justesse(b) (in relationship) proche;∎ they're very close (friends) ils sont très proches;∎ he's a close friend of mine c'est un ami intime;∎ a close relative un parent proche;∎ I'm very close to my sister je suis très proche de ma sœur;∎ he has close ties with Israel il a des rapports étroits avec Israël;∎ there's a close connection between the two things il y a un rapport étroit entre les deux;∎ the President consulted his closest advisers le président consulta ses conseillers les plus proches;∎ sources close to the royal family des sources proches de la famille royale;∎ a subject close to my heart un sujet qui me tient à cœur;∎ to keep sth a close secret garder le secret absolu sur qch∎ they stay in close contact ils restent en contact en permanence∎ it was a close contest ce fut une lutte serrée;∎ to play a close game jouer serré;∎ close finish arrivée f serrée(e) (thorough, careful) attentif, rigoureux;∎ pay close attention to what she says faites très attention ou prêtez une grande attention à ce qu'elle dit;∎ have a close look at these figures examinez ces chiffres de près;∎ upon close examination après un examen détaillé ou minutieux;∎ to keep (a) close watch or eye on sb/sth surveiller qn/qch de près;∎ I keep close control of the expenses je contrôle étroitement les dépenses;∎ in close confinement en détention surveillée(f) (roughly similar) proche;∎ his version of events was close to the truth sa version des faits était très proche de la réalité;∎ he bears a close resemblance to his father il ressemble beaucoup à son père;∎ it's the closest thing we've got to an operating theatre voilà à quoi se réduit notre salle d'opération∎ Military in close formation en ordre serré∎ it's very close in here on manque vraiment d'air ici;∎ it's terribly close today il fait très lourd aujourd'hui(i) (secretive) renfermé, peu communicatif;∎ he's very close about his private life il est très discret sur sa vie privée2 adverb∎ don't come too close n'approche pas ou ne t'approche pas trop;∎ I live close to the river j'habite près de la rivière;∎ did you win? - no, we didn't even come close avez-vous gagné? - non, loin de là;∎ she came close to losing her job elle a failli perdre son emploi;∎ to come close to death frôler la mort;∎ to come close to the world record frôler le record du monde;∎ they walked close behind us ils nous suivaient de près;∎ she lives close by elle habite tout près;∎ I looked at it close to or up je l'ai regardé de près;∎ close together serrés les uns contre les autres;∎ sit closer together! serrez-vous!;∎ it's brought us closer ça nous a rapprochés∎ he held me close il m'a serré dans ses bras3 noun∎ it's close on nine o'clock il est presque neuf heures;∎ she must be close on fifty elle doit friser la cinquantaine ou doit avoir près de cinquante ans(almost, nearly) presque;∎ the baby weighs close to 7 pounds ≃ le bébé pèse presque 3 kilos et demi►► Military close combat corps à corps m;Music close harmony tessiture f limitéeⅡ.close2 [kləʊz]fermer ⇒ 1 (a)-(d), 1 (j), 2 (a) conclure ⇒ 1 (e), 1 (h) arrêter ⇒ 1 (f) liquider ⇒ 1 (g) se refermer ⇒ 2 (b) se terminer ⇒ 2 (d) clôturer ⇒ 2 (e) fin, conclusion ⇒ 3(a) (shut → door, window, shop, book) fermer;∎ he closed his eyes and went to sleep il ferma les yeux et s'endormit;∎ figurative the committee had not closed the books on the inquiry le comité n'avait pas refermé le dossier de l'affaire;∎ to close one's eyes to sth fermer les yeux sur qch;∎ to close one's mind to sth refuser de penser à qch;∎ she closed her mind to anything new elle s'est fermée à tout ce qui était neuf(b) (opening, bottle) fermer, boucher;∎ figurative we must close the gap between the rich and the poor nous devons combler le fossé entre riches et pauvres(c) (block → border, road) fermer;∎ they've closed the airport ils ont fermé l'aéroport;∎ a road closed to motor traffic une route interdite à la circulation automobile(d) (shut down → factory) fermer;∎ they plan to close more rural stations ils ont l'intention de fermer d'autres petites gares de campagne∎ she closed the conference with a rallying call to the party faithful elle termina la conférence en lançant un appel de solidarité aux fidèles du parti;∎ a neat way of closing the discussion un habile moyen de clore la discussion;∎ the subject is now closed l'affaire est close∎ to close the books balancer les comptes, régler les livres;∎ to close the yearly accounts arrêter les comptes de l'exercice(h) (settle → deal) conclure;∎ we closed a deal with them last week nous avons conclu un accord avec eux la semaine dernière(i) (move closer together) serrer, rapprocher;∎ Military close ranks! serrez les rangs!;∎ figurative the party closed ranks behind their leader le parti a serré les rangs derrière le leader∎ this window doesn't close properly cette fenêtre ne ferme pas bien ou ferme mal;∎ the door closed quietly behind them la porte s'est refermée sans bruit derrière eux;∎ the bakery closes on Fridays la boulangerie ferme le vendredi(b) (wound, opening) se refermer;∎ the gap was closing fast l'écart diminuait rapidement(c) (cover, surround)∎ the waves closed over him les vagues se refermèrent sur lui;∎ the onlookers closed around us un cercle de curieux se forma autour de nous;∎ my fingers closed around the gun mes doigts se resserrèrent sur le revolver∎ I closed with a reference to Rimbaud j'ai terminé par une référence à Rimbaud(e) Stock Exchange clôturer;∎ the shares closed at 420p les actions ont clôturé ou terminé à 420 pence;∎ the share index closed two points down l'indice (boursier) a clôturé en baisse de deux points3 nounfin f, conclusion f; (of day) tombée f; Stock Exchange (on financial futures market) clôture f; (closing price) cours m de clôture;∎ at close of business à la ou en clôture;∎ the concert came to a close le concert s'acheva;∎ the year drew to a close l'année s'acheva;∎ it's time to draw the meeting to a close il est temps de mettre fin à cette réunion;∎ towards the close of the century vers la fin du siècle;∎ at close of play (in cricket) à la fin du match►► Computing close box case f de fermeture;British close season Hunting fermeture f de la chasse; Fishing fermeture f de la pêche; Football intersaison f(a) (business, factory) fermer;∎ the shop had to close down le magasin a dû fermer(business, factory) fermer;∎ they had to close down their shop ils ont dû fermer leur magasin∎ to close in on or upon se rapprocher de;∎ the hunters closed in on their prey les chasseurs se rapprochèrent de leur proie;∎ the police/his creditors are closing in l'étau de la police/de ses créanciers se resserre∎ darkness closed in on us la nuit nous enveloppaisoler, fermer;∎ the area was closed off to the public le quartier était fermé au public;∎ some of the rooms in the house have been closed off certaines pièces de la maison ont été fermées;∎ Accountancy to close off an account arrêter un comptese rapprocher de;∎ we were closing on them fast nous nous rapprochions d'eux rapidement(b) (complete successfully → game, competition) remporter;∎ to close it out l'emporter∎ to close a position boucler ou clore ou fermer une position➲ close up(c) (shop, house) fermer(b) (shopkeeper) fermer(a) (finalize deal with) conclure un marché avec -
19 Appleby, John F.
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1840 New York, US Ad. ? USA[br]American inventor of the knotting mechanism used on early binders and still found on modern baling machines.[br]As a young man John Appleby worked as a labourer for a farmer near Whitewater in Wisconsin. He was 18 when the farmer bought a new reaping machine. Appleby believed that the concept had not been progressed far enough and that the machine should be able to bind sheaths as well as to cut the corn. It is claimed that while watching a dog playing with a skipping rope he noticed a particular knot created as the dog removed its head from the loop that had passed over it, and recognized the potential of the way in which this knot had been formed. From a piece of apple wood he carved a device that would produce the knot he had seen. A local school teacher backed Appleby's idea with a $50 loan, but the American Civil War and service in the Union Army prevented any further development until 1869 when he took out a patent on a wire-tying binder. A number of the devices were made for him by a company in Beloit. Trials of wire binders held in 1873 highlighted the danger of small pieces of wire caught up in the hay leading to livestock losses. Appleby looked again at the possibility of twine. In 1875 he successfully operated a machine and the following season four were in operation. A number of other developments, not least Behel's "bill hook" knotting device, were also to have an influence in the final development of Appleby's twine-tying binder. As so often happens, it was the vision of the entrepreneur which ultimately led to the success of Appleby's device. In 1877 Appleby persuaded William Deering to produce and market his binder, and 3,000 twine binders, together with the twine produced for them, were put on the market in 1880, with immediate success. Over the next dozen years all harvesting-machine manufacturers adopted the idea, under licence to Appleby.[br]Further ReadingG.Quick and W.Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (provides an account of the development of harvesting machinery and the various tying devices developed for them).1927, "Twine knotter history", Wisconsin Magazine of History (a more specific account).AP -
20 McCormick, Cyrus
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1809 Walnut Grove, Virginia, USAd. 1884 USA[br]American inventor of the first functionally and commercially successful reaping machine; founder of the McCormick Company, which was to become one of the founding companies of International Harvester.[br]Cyrus McCormick's father, a farmer, began to experiment unsuccessfully with a harvesting machine between 1809 and 1816. His son took up the challenge and gave his first public demonstration of his machine in 1831. It cut a 4 ft swathe, but, wanting to perfect the machine, he waited until 1834 before patenting it, by which time he felt that his invention was threatened by others of similar design. In the same year he entered an article in the Mechanics Magazine, warning competitors off his design. His main rival was Obed Hussey who contested McCormick's claim to the originality of the idea, having patented his own machine six months before McCormick.A competition between the two machines was held in 1843, the judges favouring McCormick's, even after additional trials were conducted after objections of unfairness from Hussey. The rivalry continued over a number of years, being avidly reported in the agricultural press. The publicity did no harm to reaper sales, and McCormick sold twenty-nine machines in 1843 and fifty the following year.As the westward settlement movement progressed, so the demand for McCormick's machine grew. In order to be more central to his markets, McCormick established himself in Chicago. In partnership with C.M.Gray he established a factory to produce 500 harvesters for the 1848 season. By means of advertising and offers of credit terms, as well as production-line assembly, McCormick was able to establish himself as sole owner and also control all production, under the one roof. By the end of the decade he dominated reaper production but other developments were to threaten this position; however, foreign markets were appearing at the same time, not least the opportunities of European sales stimulated by the Great Exhibition in 1851. In the trials arranged by the Royal Agricultural Society of England the McCormick machine significantly outperformed that of Hussey's, and as a result McCormick arranged for 500 to be made under licence in England.In 1874 McCormick bought a half interest in the patent for a wire binder from Charles Withington, a watchmaker from Janesville, Wisconsin, and by 1885 a total of 50,000 wire binders had been built in Chicago. By 1881 McCormick was producing twine binders using Appleby's twine knotter under a licence agreement, and by 1885 the company was producing only twine binders. The McCormick Company was one of the co-founders of the International Harvester Company in 1901.[br]Bibliography1972, The Century of the Reaper, Johnson Reprint (the original is in the New York State Library).Further ReadingGraeme Quick and Wesley Buchele, 1978, The Grain Harvesters, American Society of Agricultural Engineers (deals in detail with McCormick's developments).G.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, it gives an account of its originating companies).T.W.Hutchinson, 1930, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Seedtime 1809–1856; ——1935, Cyrus Hall McCormick, Harvest 1856–1884 (both attempt to unravel the many claims surrounding the reaper story).Herbert N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).AP
Страницы
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Grain En Arc — Un grain en arc est un type de ligne orageuse, ou ligne de grain, ayant la forme caractéristique d un arc de cercle tel que vu par un radar météorologique. Le Dr. Tetsuya Théodore Fujita de l université de Chicago est le premier à utiliser le… … Wikipédia en Français
Grain en arc — Un grain en arc est un type de ligne orageuse, ou ligne de grain, ayant la forme caractéristique d un arc de cercle tel que vu par un radar météorologique. Le Dr. Tetsuya Théodore Fujita de l université de Chicago est le premier à utiliser le… … Wikipédia en Français
Season of the Harvest — The Egyptian term Season of the Harvest (the Egyptian or Shemu is transliterated as Smw ndash; and occasionally written as Shomu). The word Shemu literally translates as low water and corresponded roughly from mid March to mid July when the crops … Wikipedia
Sand Grain Studios — Тип … Википедия
Cabela's Deer Hunt: 2005 Season — Не стоит путать с Cabela s Big Game Hunter: 2005 Adventures. Cabela s Deer Hunt: 2005 Season Обложка игры, версия для … Википедия
Neutral grain spirit — Gem Clear grain alcohol is a 190 proof neutral grain spirit. Neutral grain spirit (also called pure grain alcohol (PGA) or grain neutral spirit (GNS)) is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid that has been distilled from a grain based mash to a… … Wikipedia
McLeod's Daughters (season 8) — McLeod s Daughters The Eighth Season Country of origin Australia No. of episodes 22 … Wikipedia
MythBusters (2005 season) — Country of origin Australia United States No. of episodes 26 (includes 7 specials) Broadcast Original channel Discovery Channel … Wikipedia
Cradle (grain) — A reaper with a cradle scythe; original painting by Ernst Henseler (1852–1940) A cradle (also called cradle scythe, or grain cradle) is an agricultural tool, a form of the scythe, used to reap grain. It is a scythe with an arrangement of fingers… … Wikipedia
Top Chef (season 4) — Infobox Television Top Chef season name = Top Chef: Chicago caption = The contestants of Top Chef Season 4 first aired = March 12, 2008 last aired = June 11, 2008 filming started = Late 2007 filming completed = winner = Stephanie Izard number… … Wikipedia
Magic: The Gathering Pro Tour season 2003–04 — 2003–04 Pro Tour season Pro Player of the Year Gabriel Nassif Rookie of the Year Julien Nuijten … Wikipedia
